The year 2017 promises to be great for solar power, as photo-voltaic technology is now capable of delivering energy at lower prices than coal when site conditions are right. For example, an 800-MW contract was recently signed in Dubai, with an energy price of 2.99 cents per kWh, the lowest ever for a solar farm. However, photo voltaic technology is still being held back by three main hurdles, and overcoming them could make solar power even cheaper and more competitive:
However, the latest developments in materials science could make it possible to solve all three of these issues with a single technology. According to the World Economic Forum, PV cells made from perovskites instead of silicon are the future of the solar power industry. Reducing the Manufacturing Costs of Photo-voltaic Modules - Solar photo-voltaic systems offer carbon-free operation, but the same thing cannot be said of their manufacturing process, which consumes massive amounts of energy. Silicon is very easy to find in nature and you walk on it whenever you go to the beach; the main component of sand is silicon dioxide. The problem is that solar modules require pure elemental silicon, and its production requires melting silicon oxide at temperatures of up to 2000°C with an electric arc furnace. Generating all that heat requires considerable amounts of energy, and unfortunately most of it still comes from coal power plants. In order to make solar power eco-friendly in all stages of the product life cycle, it is necessary to reduce the energy footprint of its manufacturing process. Perovskites, on the other hand, are made from a crystalline lattice of organic molecules, metals and halogens. The manufacturing process of perovskite solar cells does not involve the high temperatures required with silicon modules, which reduces both the financial and environmental impact. Another advantage of perovskites is that they can be stored as liquid solutions that are then deposited on any shape or surface, turning it into a solar cell! Making Solar Modules Flexible - Silicon solar modules are manufactured in a flat shape because silicon and glass are rigid materials, and creating customized shapes would be prohibitively expensive. On the other hand, perovskite-based solar modules can be deposited on any surface as a thin film of material, eliminating some of the key limitations of traditional PV systems: rigidity and weight. Both of these factors place a limit on the types of surfaces where it is practical to deploy solar power. Low weight and high flexibility would expand the applications of solar modules beyond buildings and solar farms, potentially including vehicles and even clothing. Some possibilities of perovskite solar cells include the creation of electric vehicles that charge themselves on the road, or clothing that can integrate a solar charger for a smartphone. The weight reduction would greatly contribute to cost reduction, especially in two steps of the solar power value chain:
In fact, it will not always be necessary to deliver finished solar modules to the project site. With the rise of 3D printing technology, it will be possible to deposit the perovskite film directly on the surface where it will be used. Perovskites Can Make Solar Modules More Efficient - On average, the planet Earth gets around 1000 watts of incident sunlight per square meter, with the highest potential being concentrated close to the tropics. Unfortunately, current photo-voltaic modules can only convert a fraction of that energy into useful electric power, and that is why most modules have a power rating in the range of 250 to 300 watts despite having an area of around 1.50 square meters. Silicon-based solar cells are not expected to offer significant improvements in efficiency in the short term. The top efficiency of solar cells in laboratory conditions is around 25%, while most commercial modules are under 20%, and this has not changed much over the past decade. On the other hand, perovskite cells experienced a boost in efficiency from 4% to 20%, from 2009 to 2016. The technology is still maturing, which means that its efficiency still has potential to climb higher. Perovskite solar cells could make it possible to concentrate more kilowatts of installed capacity for a given project size, while making the technology lighter and more flexible. On top of that, the use of perovskites could reduce manufacturing costs, especially the energy footprint, as well as the environmental impact. If current photo-voltaic technology is already competing head-on with fossil fuels despite its limitations, there is no doubt that solar power could become a mainstream energy source with perovskite-based modules. Complementary developments in batteries and other storage technologies can make solar modules a reliable energy source for both the day and night. You don’t have to be an energy investor to reap the benefits of solar photo-voltaic technology. Article is posted by XsunX -Commercial and Residential Solar Solution.
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